BARCELONA -- An oppressive and beleaguered empire, a terrorist international, a storm raging in the international press about torture, right-wing Christians on the march against moral decline and the collapse of family values Ö you can stand here on Montjuic hill and history grips you by the arm.
In 1896, all of Europe was shaken by reports of the terrible tortures endured by prisoners entombed in the dungeons of the fortress built by the Bourbons on Montjuic. Terror, in the form of militant anarchism -- the Al Qaeda of its era -- had already been on the march for a generation, its detonations caused by such devices as the "Orsini bomb," with its sinister horns filled with fulminate of mercury, which exploded on impact, thus bypassing the need for a fuse. The testing range selected by Felice Orsini, an Italian nationalist who had taken up residence in Palmerston's England, were abandoned quarries in Devonshire and Sheffield. Orsini went to the guillotine in 1858 after hurling his invention at Louis Napoleon. He missed, but killed eight and injured 156. In 1862, Nobel patented dynamite and gave "propaganda of the deed" a deadlier tempo.